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Dairy Industry
The first dairy cows arrived in Georgia with James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony, in the early 1700s. By the 1930s the dairy industry had gained success as a commercial enterprise
in Georgia and has been a primary industry in the state ever since. In 2000 the value of the Georgia dairy industry to the
state (including milk, cull cows, and bull calves) was $254 million.
Early History
Little is known about the earliest period of dairying in Georgia because acquiring milk was primarily a local enterprise,
left to individual families. A family that produced excess dairy products—butter, cream, cottage cheese, or cheese—would trade
or sell the products to neighbors. Eventually, some farmers acquired an extra dairy cow or two for the purpose of producing
dairy products to sell. As demand grew, such herds increased to five to ten cows. Farmers processed and distributed their
own milk for sale.
The
number of cows in Georgia, as well as the price per head of cow, fluctuated during the antebellum period. One reason for the
fluctuations, at least until the 1820s, may have been Indian raids on livestock herds in settled areas.
The dairy industry slowly expanded as the population of the colony increased and spread inland from the coast. After the Civil War (1861-65) the demand for milk products grew. Cows were pastured and milked by hand. Milk was cooled in cans in water tanks
filled with spring or well water. (Milk was considered adequately cool at a temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit.) The dairies
closest to communities produced fluid milk for the town's population. The dairy farmers were producer-processors, as they
produced the milk with their small dairy herds, bottled the milk, and delivered it to their customers. Dairy farms located
farther away from the towns produced cream or butter, which could be stored longer and transported more easily than fluid
milk.
In 1876 Benjamin Hunt, a banker and expert in horticulture and animal husbandry, brought a herd of Jersey cows to Putnam County and opened Panola Farm, an experimental dairy facility. He is credited with establishing the dairy industry in that county.
Early Twentieth Century
The
1920s were a period of great change in the dairy industry. The introduction of the automobile and the truck allowed milk to
be transported across greater distances, and farms farther from population centers thus had new markets for their milk. Tractors
replaced horses and mules as power sources on the farm; consequently more acreage and crops were available to be sold or to support dairy
cows instead of supplying feed for horses and mules. The introduction of electricity and the milking machine allowed more
cows to be milked by one person with less effort. Each pail of milk was strained and placed in electrical coolers. Mechanical
refrigeration cooled milk more efficiently and maintained its freshness longer. All of these advances led to a rise in the
number of dairy farms and dairy cows in the state of Georgia as well as in the United States. At the same time, the Great Depression of the 1930s caused decreasing farm prices. Part of farmers' attraction to dairying during the depression was that it provided
steady income over time.
From
about 1867 to 1919 the number of dairy cows in Georgia increased from about 20,000 head to 411,000 head, with an average price
per cow of $16. In 1920 the average price per cow increased to $65. At this time dairy farmers were typically still producer-processors
who owned fifteen to twenty-five cows apiece. Following a decline in the dairy herd after World War I (1917-18) that lasted
through the early years of the depression, Georgia's dairy herd grew once again to a high of 419,000 head in 1935, and the
price per cow fluctuated until World War II (1941-45), when it began to increase rapidly. In 1945 dairy cows in Georgia numbered about 360,000 head. By 1953 cows were
valued at an average of $138 per head.
Pasteurization and Sanitation
As
milk production became industrialized, sanitation became a more critical issue. The French scientist Louis Pasteur's experiments
in the 1860s with heating milk to destroy bacteria generated great interest in milk's health aspects, and studies showed that
milk could be a source of such human diseases as diphtheria, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, undulant fever, and pox. Nevertheless,
there was much resistance to the pasteurization of milk because of its expense. In 1923 the U.S. Congress passed the Pasteurized
Milk Ordinance (PMO), which required that all milk shipped between states be pasteurized. Milk sold within a state was not
covered by the PMO and was regulated by each individual state. This law (with revisions over the years) still governs the
sale of milk in the United States. In Georgia pasteurization was not required, but inspections of producers selling milk were
conducted by the state department of agriculture in Atlanta. Many county health departments around the state shipped milk samples there by railroad. The inspectors were most
concerned about unsanitary milking machines; there was a great deal of bacteria in the milk because in many cases water around
the dairies was contaminated by nearby outhouses.
In
1943 the state legislature finally passed a law requiring all milk to be pasteurized. Since World War II was still being fought and there was a shortage
of equipment, producers and processors were given a three-year period to comply. In 1950 the Interstate Milk Shippers Agreement
took effect. All states were members of this agreement, which prevented multiple inspections of milk as it was transported
from state to state.
After World War II the Georgia Department of Public Health purchased a used house trailer and transformed it into a mobile
milk laboratory. The first area that benefited from the mobile lab was Cobb County. During the approximately sixty days that the lab stayed in each area, state and county personnel inspected each dairy producer
and milk plant. Samples were taken from each dairy and examined thoroughly. The milk producers became conscious of the need
for better sanitary practices and were made aware of the quality of their milk. Milk producers were given a grade for their
milk. "A" was the highest grade, and "C" was the lowest.
In the
1950s milking equipment and the cooling and transportation of milk were improved. Pipeline milking was introduced during this
time. Each cow's milk was conveyed through a glass or stainless-steel pipeline by vacuum into the milk house, where it was
released directly into a farm bulk tank. Each tank was capable of holding from 150 to 1,000 gallons of milk. Milk in the tanks
was cooled to below 40 degrees Fahrenheit in about one hour. Pipeline milkers were designed to be easily cleaned, which promoted
sanitation. Tanker trucks hauled up to 5,000 gallons of milk to processing plants. One truck could serve from three to ten
milk producers. Because of these new technologies, the policy of a "one-week shelf life" was introduced in retail outlets.
In time both the state regulatory agencies and a cooperating milk industry ensured a safe and reliable source of milk for
Georgia's citizens.
The pipeline milking system and bulk tanks replaced the bucket milkers and milk cans on dairy farms in the 1960s. The introduction
of silos and silage replaced pasture, and better highways and trucks meant that milk and dairy products could be transported further and faster. An effort to control mastitis, a bacterial
disease found in dairy cows, also began in the 1960s. This benefited both the public and the owners of milking herds. In 1965
federal and state milk regulations established a maximum of somatic cells, which produce mastitis, for grade A milk.
Cooperatives
In
the wake of the Georgia pasteurization law, producer-processors had a choice—they could stop producing milk, buy the expensive
equipment to pasteurize, or form or join a cooperative that would collect the farmer's milk, pasteurize it, and sell it. Only
a few cooperatives, namely Wells Dairies Cooperative in Columbus and Athens Cooperative Creamery in Athens, operated in the state during the 1940s. The large group of producers that supplied
the Atlanta market decided to form a cooperative that became Atlanta Dairies. They purchased land, built a processing plant,
and acquired trucks to haul the milk cows from the farm to the plant. The plant and cooperative are still operating today
under different names.
In the 1960s dairy farmer cooperatives grew and began helping dairy farmers earn better prices for their milk. Some of the
most significant cooperatives in the state were Atlanta Dairies, Athens Cooperative, Miss Georgia Cooperative, South Georgia
Cooperative, and Well Dairies Cooperative.
In 1970 a cooperative known as Dairymen was formed from a collection of new and large cooperatives in Georgia. Dairymen was
primarily a marketing agency for milk producers, and with its formation about 90 percent of all milk in the state was marketed
through dairy cooperatives. This improved the sanitary quality, flavor, and shelf life of grade A milk. In 1972 the Georgia
General Assembly returned all responsibility for milk sanitation and safety to a single state agency—the Georgia Department
of Agriculture.
Twenty-first Century
In
1945 every county in Georgia had at least one dairy farm, for a total of 6,040 farms with 360,000 cows producing approximately
1 billion pounds of milk (3,150 pounds of milk per cow) annually. The greatest number and concentration of dairies were in
the counties surrounding Atlanta and in northwest Georgia. Since then, the number of dairy farms and cows has steadily declined,
but milk production has increased. In 2005 there were 313 dairies in Georgia with 81,000 cows producing approximately 1.4
billion pounds of milk (17,259 pounds of milk per cow). Today, 50 percent of all milk production in Georgia occurs in south
Georgia.
Several factors contributed to these changes in the industry. The dairy farms around Atlanta and other cities were sold for
housing as population increased. Many people in farming communities left agriculture to pursue other job opportunities. Technology advanced so that larger farms could be efficiently operated. Through genetics and management techniques introduced in the last decades of the twentieth century, dairy cows have increased their production
dramatically, so fewer cows are needed to produce a comparable supply of dairy products.
A few dairy farmers in south Georgia implement sustainable agriculture practices. The owners of Sweet Grass Dairy in Thomasville,
for instance, abandoned conventional dairy farming in 1993 in favor of a "rotational grazing" approach, the method used by
farmers in New Zealand. Sweet Grass also produces artisanal cheeses made from cow's milk and goat's milk, which have won national awards.
According to industry experts, projections for Georgia through 2020 show a continued decline in milk production. Georgia,
along with most other southeastern states, is a milk-deficit state, meaning it does not produce enough milk to supply its
own population. As of 2006 the state produces less than 300 pounds per capita, while the nation's average is 581 pounds per
capita. Ironically, about 40 percent of Georgia's milk is shipped to Florida, with Georgia's needs being met by milk shipped
from other states. As of 2006 nine companies are involved in the processing of milk and milk products in Georgia.
Suggested Reading
H. B. Henderson, comp. and ed., A History of the Dairy Industry in Georgia, 2 vols. ([n.p.], 1981).
Melissa Brown, Georgia College and State University
Lane O. Ely, University of Georgia
Published 5/26/2006
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