Skip to content
New Georgia Encyclopedia
  • Home
  • Articles & Media
  • Browse by Topic
  • Browse Collections
  • Browse Georgia Standards
  • A-Z Index
  • Exhibitions
  • Educators
  • Browse    Chevron down
  • Exhibitions
  • Educators
By Topic Content Collections Georgia Standards A-Z Index Arrow right
  • Arts & Culture

    Arts & Culture

  • Business & Economy

    Business & Economy

  • Counties, Cities & Neighborhoods

    Counties, Cities & Neighborhoods

  • Education

    Education

  • Geography & Environment

    Geography & Environment

  • Government & Politics

    Government & Politics

  • History & Archaeology

    History & Archaeology

  • People

    People

  • Science & Medicine

    Science & Medicine

  • Sports & Outdoor Recreation

    Sports & Outdoor Recreation

Frankie Welch’s Americana
Featured

Frankie Welch’s Americana

Fashion and politics from Georgia-born designer Frankie Welch

Stamp Collection
Featured

Stamp Collection

Stamps honoring the political figures, artists, and culture of Georgia.

Recently Added
View All Arrow right
City Page: Atlanta

City Page: Atlanta

Stamp Collection

Stamp Collection

Frankie Welch’s Americana

Frankie Welch’s Americana

  • Georgia Studies

    Georgia Studies

    Eighth Grade
  • Georgia, My State

    Georgia, My State

    Second Grade
All Topics Arrow right Government & Politics Arrow right

General Government & Politics Topics

Business Law in Georgia

Business Law in Georgia

Carl Vinson Institute of Government

Carl Vinson Institute of Government

G8 Summit in Georgia

G8 Summit in Georgia

Georgia Literature Commission

Georgia Literature Commission

Governor’s Awards in the Humanities

Governor’s Awards in the Humanities

Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies

Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies

State Flags of Georgia

State Flags of Georgia

Loading
Star

Featured Content

Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement

Mid- to Late 20th Century Topics
Harriet Powers

Harriet Powers

People
Trending

Trending

Ted Turner

Ted Turner

People
Georgia Guidestones

Georgia Guidestones

Sites & Museums
CNN

CNN

Television
James D. Bulloch

James D. Bulloch

People
Clock

Updated Recently

Morris Brown College

Morris Brown College

3 days ago
Burke County

Burke County

3 days ago
CNN

CNN

3 days ago
Ted Turner

Ted Turner

1 week ago

A More Perfect Union

The New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from A More Perfect Union, a special initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Learn More
New Georgia Encyclopedia
ISSN 2765-8732
Project Partners
logo-press UGA Press logo-galileo GALILEO logo-humanities Georgia Humanities logo-seal Office of the Governor logo-libraries UGA Libraries
Articles & Media
  • Browse by Topic
  • Content Collections
  • Georgia Standards
Special Content
  • Quizzes
  • Exhibitions
  • Spotify Playlists
  • Georgia Exhibits
  • Educator Resources
About
  • The Project
  • The People
  • Sponsors & Partners
Editorial
  • Our Process
  • Contributor Info
  • Permissions & Use
Stay in Touch
Facebook Instagram Twitter Contact Us
Donate to the NGE

Your support helps us commission new entries and update existing content.

Donate

© 2004–2026 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press

  • Terms of Use
  • Privacy Policy

Media gallery

books

books

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Thomas R. R. Cobb

Thomas R. R. Cobb

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Thomas R. R. Cobb was the primary author of the Code of the State of Georgia, which went into effect in 1863, a year after Cobb was killed in combat during the Civil War. Much of this code remains in force today.

Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

View on source site

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

G8 Summit on Sea Island

G8 Summit on Sea Island

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Sea Island hosted the 2004 G8 Summit. From left, Bertie Ahern of the European Union, Romano Prodi of the European Commission, Tony Blair of the United Kingdom, Jacques Chirac of France, Paul Martin of Canada, Gerhard Shroeder of Germany, Vladimir Putin of Russia, Junichiro Koizumi of Japan, George W. Bush of the United States, and Silvio Berlusconi of Italy.

Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

Demonstrators at G8 Summit

Demonstrators at G8 Summit

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Crowds of demonstrators, in hopes of drawing global attention to a variety of social and economic issues, gathered in Brunswick during the 2004 G8 Summit in Sea Island. Although protests at previous summits have turned violent, protestors did not disrupt the proceedings in Sea Island.

Photograph by Staci Atkins

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

G8 Summit Security

G8 Summit Security

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

A police officer in Brunswick stands at the ready during the G8 Summit in June 2004 on Sea Island. Security in the area around Sea Island was heightened as world leaders gathered for the annual meeting. Although some protestors were arrested, security problems did not disrupt the summit.

Photograph by Staci Atkins

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Phinizy Spalding and Joe Frank Harris

Phinizy Spalding and Joe Frank Harris

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Governor Joe Frank Harris (right) with historian Phinizy Spalding, who received a Governor's Award in the Humanities in 1990.

Courtesy of Georgia Humanities.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to Georgia Humanities.

Bettie Sellers

Bettie Sellers

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Poet Laureate Bettie Sellers delivers a lecture entitled "Westward from Bald Mountain: Valleys for Writers" at the 1998 awards luncheon for the Governor's Awards in the Humanities. Sellers won a Governor's Award in 1987 and served as the state's poet laureate from 1997 to 2000.

Courtesy of Georgia Humanities.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to Georgia Humanities.

Roy Barnes and Joseph Jordan

Roy Barnes and Joseph Jordan

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Governor Roy Barnes (right) with Joseph Jordan, accepting the Governor's Award on behalf of the Auburn Avenue Research Library in 2001.

Courtesy of Georgia Humanities.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to Georgia Humanities.

Senator Jackson Dedicates Library

Senator Jackson Dedicates Library

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Senator Henry M. Jackson speaks at the Russell Library dedication on June 24, 1974. Other platform guests include Governor Jimmy Carter, Senator John C. Stennis, Senator Herman E. Talmadge, former Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and Senator Russell's siblings.

Courtesy of Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource may need to be submitted to the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies at the University of Georgia.

Russell Library Opens for Research

Russell Library Opens for Research

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Mrs. S. Gordon Greene Sr., sister of Senator Russell, officially opens the Russell Library on January 8, 1977. University President Fred C. Davison, Russell Professor in History Gilbert C. Fite, and Russell Foundation Chair Phil Landrum observe.

Courtesy of Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource may need to be submitted to the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies at the University of Georgia.

Donation from Russell Foundation

Donation from Russell Foundation

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Michael F. Adams, president of the University of Georgia, holds a $3 million check presented by the Russell Foundation on October 20, 2003. The gift will help to build a new facility that will house the university's three special collections libraries.

Courtesy of University of Georgia Photographic Services

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Richard B. Russell Jr. Special Collection Libraries

Richard B. Russell Jr. Special Collection Libraries

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Richard B. Russell Jr. Special Collection Libraries building at the University of Georgia. 

Courtesy of Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource may need to be submitted to the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies at the University of Georgia.

State Flag, ca. 1920-1956

State Flag, ca. 1920-1956

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

In the 1920s the entire state seal began appearing in place of the coat of arms on the state flag. It is not known who authorized the substitution, or when.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Bonnie Blue Flag

Bonnie Blue Flag

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The "Bonnie Blue Flag" features a white star centered on a blue background. The flag was flown at the time of Georgia's secession from the United States in 1861, on the eve of the Civil War.

Photograph from Wikimedia

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

2004 Georgia State Flag

2004 Georgia State Flag

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The current Georgia state flag was the state's third in twenty-seven months. The new flag features the state coat of arms, surrounded by thirteen stars, which represent the original American colonies.

Photograph from Wikimedia

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Stars and Bars, 1861-1863

Stars and Bars, 1861-1863

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The first national flag of the Confederacy, the "Stars and Bars" was adopted on March 4, 1861, at the first Provisional Congress in Montgomery, Alabama.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

State Flag, 1879-1902

State Flag, 1879-1902

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The 1879 state flag, considered the first official state flag, was based on the first national flag of the Confederacy (the "Stars and Bars"). The blue canton of the Stars and Bars extended the full width of the state flag, and even though the stars were removed, the derivation of the flag was obvious.

Image from Wikimedia

View on source site

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

State Flag, 1956-2001

State Flag, 1956-2001

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Georgia's General Assembly ratified the addition of the Confederate Battle Flag to the state flag in 1956 as a backlash to the Brown v. Board of Education decisions, which federally imposed integration of public schools.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Confederate Battle Flag, 1861-1865

Confederate Battle Flag, 1861-1865

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

It was found that at a distance the Stars and Bars too closely resembled the U.S. flag, and so, in September 1861, a new design was presented: blue bars with white stars forming the St. Andrew's cross on a red field. This became the Battle Flag of the Confederacy.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

2001 Georgia State Flag

2001 Georgia State Flag

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The controversial "Barnes flag" was passed in private by the state house and senate and approved by Governor Roy Barnes in January 2001. The flag violated many canons of flag design and was rated the worst-designed state flag or provincial flag in North America.

Photograph from Wikimedia

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

State Flag Controversy

State Flag Controversy

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

Supporters of the 1956 Georgia state flag marched on the state capitol on June 28, 1992, protesting proposed changes to the flag.

Courtesy of Special Collections & Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographic Archive.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to Special Collections and Archives at Georgia State University.

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Georgia State Flag Stamp

Georgia State Flag

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The U.S. Postal Service commemorated the nation's 1976 bicentennial anniversary with a stamp for every state flag. At the time, Georgia was still using the now-controversial 1956 state flag, featuring the Stars and Bars of the Confederate battle flag.

Courtesy of Smithsonian National Postal Museum

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Lucy Cobb Institute

Lucy Cobb Institute

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

In 1991 the main office of the Carl Vinson Institute of Government moved from the University of Georgia's North Campus to the historic Lucy Cobb Institute building on Milledge Avenue, just west of campus.

Courtesy of Georgia Info, Digital Library of Georgia.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource may need to be submitted to the Digital Library of Georgia.

  • Info Details
  • Citation Terms of Use

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

books Thomas R. R. Cobb G8 Summit on Sea Island Demonstrators at G8 Summit
G8 Summit Security Phinizy Spalding and Joe Frank Harris Bettie Sellers Roy Barnes and Joseph Jordan Senator Jackson Dedicates Library Russell Library Opens for Research Donation from Russell Foundation Richard B. Russell Jr. Special Collection Libraries State Flag, ca. 1920-1956 Bonnie Blue Flag 2004 Georgia State Flag
Stars and Bars, 1861-1863 State Flag, 1879-1902 State Flag, 1956-2001 Confederate Battle Flag, 1861-1865 2001 Georgia State Flag State Flag Controversy
Georgia State Flag Stamp Lucy Cobb Institute